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- August 1990
-
-
- A NEW APPROACH TO FTO TRAINING
-
- By
-
- Blair Rankin
- Captain, High Point Police Department, North Carolina
-
-
- Prior to February 1989, the High Point, North Carolina,
- Police Department was using a traditional field training officer
- (FTO) program to supplement its academy training. This program
- had been in place since the 1970s; however, despite a highly
- structured format, new recruits graduating from the program
- reflected inconsistent work habits and attitudes. In addition,
- liability problems arose, as did concern for proper
- documentation, fairness, and doubts about the abilities of the
- FTOs themselves.
-
- A close analysis determined that the central problem was a
- lack of consistency in the training methods used by field
- training officers. Recruits leaving the regimented environment
- of the academy were being assigned to several ``mini-FTO''
- programs throughout the Patrol Bureau, depending upon vacancies.
- Each of these units, though accountable to a central training
- authority, had its own definition as to proper FTO training
- methods.
-
- After considering many viable options, the department
- decided not to alter the FTO concept, but to continue its use
- with a new, highly centralized field training team. This team
- would consolidate all FTO training into one unified approach to
- improve its management. After its first year, the program's
- impact has been positive. Such a team method is apparently
- unique from most traditional FTO systems and may not be
- applicable to all departments.
-
- Traditional Field Training
-
- Field training is a process by which officers receive formal
- instruction on the job. Although all officers receive a thorough
- introduction to law enforcement subjects during basic training,
- they cannot be expected to assume the full responsibilities of
- experienced police officers immediately following graduation from
- the academy. Therefore, additional training is given to officers
- in the field where they can learn from others who have already
- gained practical police experience.
-
- In a typical FTO program, new recruits are assigned directly
- from the academy to ride with an FTO, usually a veteran officer
- who has volunteered for the position and who has received special
- training. During a specified 3- to 6-month period, several FTOs
- train and document the skills and abilities of each recruit. At
- the end of this time period, a formal review board decides
- whether to release the officer to work alone, return for more
- training or be terminated.
-
- High Point's Former FTO Program
-
- All new recruits with the High Point Police Department must
- receive 694 hours of basic law enforcement training from
- in-house, State-certified instructors. The new officers were
- then assigned to a 12- week FTO program, during which time they
- had three different FTO instructors. Lateral entry officers also
- completed this process.
-
- The department provided all FTOs with an FTO Recruit Officer
- Training Guide and required each FTO to submit a daily report and
- a weekly report. The FTO also interviewed the recruits weekly to
- keep them fully aware of their progress. A departmental training
- supervisor coordinated the staff and maintained all records of
- FTO training.
-
- During the 12 weeks, recruits were also assigned to other
- areas of the department, such as records, communications, and
- traffic to gain insight and hands-on experience. For the final 3
- weeks, they accompanied the FTOs on their duties, serving as a
- plainclothes observer. The process concluded with the recruit
- appearing before a formal review board.
-
- Problems Encountered
-
- Even though all FTOs used the same guidelines, procedures
- and report forms, newly assigned officers showed alarming
- inconsistencies. From officer to officer, there were varying
- levels of 1) how well each could perform certain tasks and follow
- proper procedures; 2) how thoroughly each knew the various areas
- of the city; and 3) how thoroughly each had been taught by their
- FTOs. Some FTOs rated more fairly than others, and some let poor
- performance slide. Also, the police attorney voiced concerns
- that the department could be held liable for officers not
- receiving proper, standardized, on-the-job training after
- completing the basic academy course.
-
- The root of these problems appeared to be the organizational
- structure of the FTO program. There was no quality control or
- command structure to assure uniformity. The inconsistency
- resulted from having field training conducted by several
- different teams. Although the departmental training supervisor
- was technically responsible for the program, team commanders
- established the guidelines for their respective teams. Selection
- and training of FTOs were not uniform, and standards varied from
- team to team. In addition, many of the high standards
- established during the basic training were soon lost as the
- recruit was told ``how it is on this team.''
-
- High Point's New FTO Program
-
- In early 1989, a newly designed system consolidated all the
- field training teams into one. The FTOs were assigned to the
- team based upon their ability to train new officers. One
- commander and two supervisors were selected after special
- consideration for their experience, proven abilities and the
- examples they would set. In High Point, patrol teams that do not
- serve a field training function consist of 1 commander, 2
- supervisors, and 13 officers. However, the field training team
- consists of one commander, two supervisors, and nine FTOs. The
- four remaining slots for officers are filled in peak periods by
- off-duty volunteers from other teams.
-
- When there are no recruits to train, the FTO team performs
- regular patrol functions. The entire team also receives
- instruction in trainee evaluations and uniformity of departmental
- tasks, so that each trainee acquires the same information and
- instruction, creating a uniformly trained officer. After
- completion of the FTO program, the new officers are assigned to
- one of the four regular patrol teams. They then serve as
- functioning police officers, able to assume their duties and work
- alone.
-
- The Impact
-
- The new program has corrected the deficiencies that were
- evident in the previous FTO system. The FTO program is now
- tailored specifically to the department's requirements rather
- than to individual team practices. Centralized recruit training
- enables closer liaison between the FTO team and the training
- division. Now, uniform standards govern the FTO experience for
- all recruits. In essence, each has the same opportunity to
- succeed.
-
- It is expected that this new program will continue to
- provide well-trained officers performing in a uniform manner,
- thereby minimizing departmental liability. Individual and
- collective training deficiencies should also be more easily
- spotted and addressed. Recruits will also be assured of exposure
- to all areas of the city and will, therefore, be available for
- patrol in any location. Recruits themselves will have a more
- receptive learning environment because they will remain together
- for a longer period of time after the academy phase. Thus, the
- retention period for new recruits should also be lengthened.
-
- The First 12 Months
-
- During the first year of operation, 20 recruits completed
- the program 18 successfully finished, and two were dismissed.
- However, one negative aspect of the new FTO program became
- apparent, and that was the effect the program had on FTOs. After
- training recruits for two straight sessions, the FTOs are
- approaching burnout. And, finding officers to replace them has
- been difficult. For the most part, top veteran officers are
- reluctant to volunteer for the FTO position because they believe
- they will be repeatedly assigned to the FTO team. Therefore, to
- put a more positive spin on the FTO program, the department
- authorized special incentives. FTOs receive a 5-percent pay
- increase while training new recruits, special ``off'' days after
- each assignment, and a special FTO ribbon to be worn on their
- uniform in recognition for their efforts.
-
- Conclusion
-
- The High Point field training team approach has been very
- successful, despite its minor problems, and has proven itself to
- be a favorable setting for the FTO process. It strengthens
- management and control of the program and further enhances what
- is a proven and important field training tool.